#32 A Festival of verbs!! ~ Part 1~
2019.1. 18
Hi everyone.
How are you?
It's kÜshi.
Thank you for coming here.
Today you can study a little different Japanese from
usual.
I was requested to show and explain all the
Japanese verbs' forms.
So today I do that.
I'm always welcome your requests!
Changing the forms of Japanese verbs is not so
easy because there're many exceptions and
sometimes there's no rule.
So before studying about verbs, I have to say that
ultimately all you have to do is get used to it.
This thinking is good for other languages too.
You can't get a language without getting used to it.
All right, so let's go!!
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List of basically Japanese verbs' forms:
( I explain each form in detail later )
1. Normal form: ~u
食べる/ta-berU/
...to eat
2. Past form: ~ta
食べた/ta-be TA/
...ate
3. Progressive form: ~teiru
食べている/ta-be TEIRU/
...to be eating
4. Negative form: ~nai
食べない/ta-be NAI/
...not to eat
5. Future form: 食べる...oh! It's same as the normal form
Actually Japanese doesn't have the future form like
"will".
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So I explain them in detail.
1. Normal form: ~u
食べる/ta-berU/
...to eat
Actually we don't use this form.
But so does English, I think.
I wonder do you usually say "I eat this"?
I have no idea what situation it is.
We don't use that form alone, but use that with
some nouns.
For example,
・食べること
/ta-beru koto/
...the action of eating
→こと is an abstract noun, but it's a great noun,
because it means all of things which can't be seen
like the action.
If you put a noun after the normal form berb, "of",
"to" or "for" can be seen between them.
So 食べること means "the action OF eating"
Another example,
・食べるもの
/ta-beru mono/
... things to eat
→もの is also a great noun because it means all of
things which can be seen.
So 食べるもの means "things TO eat"
This is how the normal form is used.
About こと and もの👇
https://oyenkushi.hatenadiary.jp/entry/2019/02/04/060302
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2. Past form: ~ta
食べた/ta-be TA/
...ate
I think English is a perfect language because it has
the perfect form like "I've done that"... isn't it?
Actually Japanese doesn't have that form.
We use the past form as well to mean perfect tense.
For example,
・食べた
/ta-be TA/
... I've (already) eaten it, I are it.
・見た
/mi-TA/
...I saw
"I've already seen" is clearly strange, so it means
just "I saw"
・した
/shiTA/
... I've (already) done it, I did it
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3. Progressive form: ~ている
食べている/ta-be TEIRU/
...to be eating
This can be used in the same way as English.
For example,
・読む
/yo-mu/
...to read
→読んでいる
/yo-m DEIRU/
…to be reading
・見る
/mi-ru/
...to see
→見ている
/mi-TEIRU/
...to be seeing
・する
/suru/
...to do
→している
/shi TEIRU/
...to be doing
・書く
/ka-ku/
...to write
→書いている
/ka-iTEIRU/
...to be writing
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4. Negative form: ~ない
You can make the negative form basically by
putting ない after verbs, but you also have to
change the verbs' forms, themselves.
For example,
・食べる
/ta-beru/
...to eat
→食べない
/ta-be NAI/
...not to eat
・書く
/ka-ku/
...to write
→書かない
/ka-ka NAI/
...not to write
・走る
/hashi-ru/
...to run
→走らない
/hashi-ra NAI/
...not to run
・読む
/yo-mu/
...to read
→読まない
/yo-ma NAI/
...not to read
・する
/suru/
...to do
→しない
/shi NAI/
...not to do
・切る
/ki-ru/
...to cut
→切らない
/ki-ra NAI/
...not to cut
・作る
/tsuku-ru/
...to make
→作らない
/tsuku-ra NAI/
.. not to make
・泣く
/na-ku/
...to cry
→泣かない
/na-ka NAI/
...not to cry
・歩く
/aru-ku/
...to walk
→歩かない
/aru-ka NAI/
As you can see, you change the end of verbs to "A"
from "U"
About negative form more detail👇
https://oyenkushi.hatenadiary.jp/entry/2019/01/20/073649
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5. Future form
This must be a very surprising and interesting fact
that Japanese doesn't have the future form.
We use the normal form instead.
Do you remember that the normal form isn't usually
used alone, but strictly speaking, it's wrong.
The normal form is usually used alone to mean
about the future.
For example,
・公園 に 行く
/kou-en ni i-ku/
... I'm going to the park
→公園 meams "the park"
→行く is a normal form which means to go
・明日 映画 を 見る
/ashita eo-ga o mi-ru/
…I will watch a movie tomorrow
→明日 means tomorrow
→映画 means a movie
→見る is a normal form which means to see
Chinese doesn't also have the future form, nor even
the past form!!
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That's all explanations.
So practice with some exercises.
Translate following sentences into Japanese.
1. する こと が ない
/suru koto ga nai/
Tips:
する means "to do"
が means "is"
ない means "there's no~" or ''not to exist"
2. 勉強 し ない の？
/ben-kyou shi nai no/
Tips:
勉強する means "to study"
の？ is put at the end of a sentence and makes it interrogative
3. なにしているの？
/nani shi teiru no/
Tips:
なに means "what"
4. 勉強したの？
/ben-kyou shi ta no/
5. 明日勉強するの？
/ashita ben-kyou suru no/
Tips: 明日 means tomorrow
ANSWER👇
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1. I have nothing to do
👉する means to do
👉こと means all things which CAN'T seen
👉すること means something to do
👉ない means "there's no~" or "not to exist"
So することがない means like "there's no things to
do" and it means "I have nothing to do"
2. Don't you study?
👉勉強する means "to study"
👉勉強しない is a negative form of 勉強する
👉の？ is put at the end of an interrogative sentence.
So 勉強しないの？ means "don't you study?"
3. What are you doing?
👉なに means "what"
👉している is a progressive form of する.
4. Did you study?
👉勉強した is a past form of 勉強した
5. Will you study tomorrow?
👉明日 means tomorrow
👉する is a normal form and means about the future.
So that's all today.
Thank you so much for reading.
Ask me if you have any questions.
I hope this helps you.
See you next time~
A Festival of Verbs ~Part 2 ~
https://oyenkushi.hatenadiary.jp/entry/2019/01/19/071928
Negative form👇https://oyenkushi.hatenadiary.jp/entry/2019/01/20/073649
Past and complete form👇
https://oyenkushi.hatenadiary.jp/entry/2019/01/26/055614
Future form👇
https://oyenkushi.hatenadiary.jp/entry/2019/02/01/055152
Progressive form👇
https://oyenkushi.hatenadiary.jp/entry/2019/02/02/060244
I'm organizing Japanese verbs.
